Microbiology Semester 2 Week 6

         Assalamualaikum and hi everyone... how are you all? I hope everyone will be fine as well... On Tuesday,  Dr Suriana taught us about the introduction to prokaryote systematic. Basically, Prokaryote systematics is a highly dynamic science in which the concepts rapidly change in accordance with the development of new techniques and approaches. Systematics is generally signifies a broader concept that includes the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of the organisms studied but but taxonomy is can be subdivided into three disciplines which are classification, nomenclature, and identification. The classification provided in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is widely used among microbiologists, but was never intended to obtain official status. Nomenclature is subject to changes in accordance to new insights which is species have been renamed, moved to other existing genera, or reclassified in newly established genera. Identification is the practical use of classification and nomenclature to determine the identity of an isolate as a member of an established taxon or as a member of a previously unidentified species. Type strain is the “nomenclatural type of the species”, and is the "reference point" to which all other strains are compared to know whether they belong to that species.

        Ribotyping is identification method based on the fragmentation pattern when the genomic DNA is cut by specific restriction enzymes the fragments separated by electrophoresis, and then hybridized with a probe specific for 16S rRNA genes. On Friday, we went to IBS (Institusi Biotechnology Science) to learnt about the culture collection. On Friday, they was briefing about the culture collection. Next week, my group was learnt about culture collection in more detail. That's all for this week microbiology class.

             

Microbiology Semester 2 Week 5

           Assalamualaikum and hi everyone... how are you all? I hope everyone will be fine as well... On Tuesday,  we all had our test 1 of microbiology. Dr Asilah is the one who incharged for our examinations. The test was so hard because of most of the question are related to last semester topics such as bacteria, archaea and endospore. That's all on Wednesday.

         So, on Friday, we all went to the Yakult factory. The experience was so good and we all enjoyed that moment in that place. In Malaysia, only one factory of Yakult in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. Dr Adelene and Dr Asilah was joined with us. The staff also taught us about the production. Actually, Yakult is made by the microrganism which is Lactobacillus casei. We also learned about how to make the yakult, how to make the bottle that contain yakult, and how they packing the bottles of yakult. The happy moment is when the staff gave each person one bottle of yakult for free. That's all for this week.

Microbiology Semester 2 Week 4

       Assalamualaikum and hi everyone... how are you all? I hope everyone will be fine as well... On Tuesday, before the microbiology class Dr Wan asked us to create one page in padlet to write down our progress about the video of fungi.  In microbiology, Dr Wan was taught us more about the microbial groups. Basically, microbial groups is based on size of population and not individual growth and also is interrelated with reproduction. Methods of microbial reproduction is binary fission, budding, fragmentation, formation of spores and sexual reproduction. Requirements for development of microbial community which is physical growth requirements and chemical growth requirements. Physical growth requirements are light, temperature, pH and water activity and osmotic pressure. Chemical growth requirements are water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur special growth factors and trace elements. 2 major nutritional which are source of energy and source of carbon. Development of microbial communities in a habitat is populations compete to occupy niches, each successful population plays a functional role and contributes to the maintenance of the community , first population to arrive have selective advantage, overtime, there may be population succession and microbial diversity is the higher the beder to stabilise a habitat; have overlapping niches and functions. Development of microbial communities is selection strategies, succession and  biofilms.

     

       On Friday, Dr Wan taught us about the aspects of biotechnology in microbial ecology. Basically, functions of microorganisms in microbial ecology is microorganisms as pollutants, microorganisms  as cause of pollution, microorganisms as indicator of pollution and microorganisms may reduce pollution. Biodegradable is all natural organic compounds and biodegradable if environmental conditions are favorable. Nonbiodegradable is recalcitrant and synthetic molecules which is some are toxic. Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to promote the degradation of environmental pollutants (artificially and increase the growth of naturally occuring microorganisms. Bioremediation is aarried out a biodegradation processes not at a desired rate a limiting physical or nutritional factors.

   

Microbiology Semester 2 Week 3

           Assalamualaikum and hi everyone... how are you all? I hope everyone will be fine as well... On Tuesday, before the microbiology class Dr Wan asked us to do some quizzes about the principle in ecology in our open learning MOOC page. In microbiology, Dr Wan was taught us more about the principle of ecology. Basically, Ecology is the systematic study of organisms and their interactions with the environment and reveals the relationships between living and nonliving parts of the environment. Five types of hierarchy of ecology which are species, population, communities, ecosystems and biospheres. Homeostasis is the dynamic balance of processes, materials and organisms in the ecosystem and biosphere. Processes such as balance of photosynthesis and metabolism. Materials such as nutrient and waste product. Organisms such as predators and preys. Energy flow through the ecosystems is energy itself does not recycle, energy only recycle in the form of C-C bonds (C-C bond contain energy), conversion of energy: never 100% efficient, Ultimate fate of energy: lost as heat and Ultimate source of energy which is SUN Points. Roles of the microbe in the ecosystems is oxygen producer (half of the oxygen on earth is produced by trees in the rainforest; the other half by blue-green algae in the ocean), fix nitrogen in the atmosphere into usable form,  recyclers of dead materials, source of food in food chain and contribute to evolution to remove weaker species through infections.

       Factors that may affect the stability of the ecosystems is increase in the frequency of natural or unnatural disturbances , abrupt change in species diversity and change in the rate of nutrient and energy consumption. Approaches to effective Ecosystem Management is stakeholders, adaptive management, natural resource management, strategic management and landscape level conservation.

Dr Wan was postponed our class on Friday to another day. So, Friday no class but Dr Wan asked us to search more about adaptation of the eukaryotes so as usual my group to find the adaptation of the fungi.


 
    
















 

Microbiology Semester 2 Week 2

        Assalamualaikum and hi everyone... how are you all? I hope everyone will be fine as well... On Tuesday, in microbiology class as usual Dr Wan was taught us more about the fungi. Before that, Dr Wan was checked our flowchart about the isolation of the fungi. If any mistakes, she told us to change and correct it. For an hour, we did again the flowchart that Dr Wan asked us to correct it include the references. Next, Dr Wan taught us about the fungi in more details. Basically, Fungi is a eukaryotic spore-bearing organisms. Fungi does not have chlorophyll and it can reproduce by both sexually and asexually. It also is the absorptive nutrition. Fungi are divided into three which are true fungi, fungi imperfecti and fungus-like. Example of the Fungus-like are slime molds and water molds.

     On friday, Dr Wan was gave a group task to find information about how to identify eukaryotes? For my group, How to identify fungi because my group are fungi so we have find about fungi. Some groups are find about protozoa, archaea, virus, algae and bacteria. My group was found about Molecular identification and control of some pathogenic Fusarium species isolated from maize in Egypt by Izzati, Detection, Identification, and Distribution of Fungi in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens by Use of Multilocus PCR Coupled with Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry by Adriana, Molecular phylogenetic identification of endophytic fungi isolated from three Artemisia
species by Adriana, Molecular identification of pathogenic fungi by Nadhirah, Molecular identification of fungi isolated from coastal regions of Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by Amira, Identification of fungi from dairy products by means of 18S rRNA analysis by me, Identification of fungi in the Gaeumannomyces-Phialophora complex by RFLPs of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNAs by me and Rapid identification of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 and ITS2 regions using an automated capillary electrophoresis systems by Luqman. If you want to study more about the how to identify fungi you cal also visit the page and the links are at the below.

Molecular identification and control of some pathogenic Fusarium species isolated from maize in Egypt by Izzati
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272167634_Molecular_identification_and_control_of_some_pathogenic_Fusarium_species_isolated_from_maize_in_Egypt

Detection, Identification, and Distribution of Fungi in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens by Use of Multilocus PCR Coupled with Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry by Adriana
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3536260/

Molecular phylogenetic identification of endophytic fungi isolated from three Artemisia
species by Adriana
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257748591_Molecular_phylogenetic_identification_of_endophytic_fungi_isolated_from_three_Artemisia_species

Molecular identification of pathogenic fungi by Nadhirah
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063605

Molecular identification of fungi isolated from coastal regions of Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by Amira

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1815385216300384

Identification of fungi from dairy products by means of 18S rRNA analysis by me
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160501005876

 Identification of fungi in the Gaeumannomyces-Phialophora complex by RFLPs of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNAs by me
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756209801895

Rapid identification of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 and ITS2 regions using an automated capillary electrophoresis systems by Luqman
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14653513