On Friday, Dr Asilah taught us about the microbial epidemiology and public health. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events and the applica6on of this study to the control of health problems. Sporadic is occurs occasionally at irregular intervals. Endemic is a relatively steady low-level frequency at moderately regular intervals. Hyperendemic diseases is gradual increase in occurrence frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level. Epidemic is a.k.a “outbreak” which is sudden increase in frequency above the normally expected number usually in a limited area and index case = first case of an epidemic. Pandemic is increase in disease occurrence within large population over wide region. Incidence is the number of new cases within a population during a specified time period. Prevalence is the total number of cases within a population. Epidemic Spread Patterns is common-source Epidemic is a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent from the same source and propagated Epidemic is transmission from one person to another. Types of Epidemiological Study is descriptive is the physical aspects of an existing disease and disease spread, analytical is establishing cause-and-effect relationships in the occurrence of diseases in populations and experimental is designed to test the value of treatments, health programs, policy changes, etc.
Three statistical measurements of disease frequency which is morbidity rate, prevalence rate and mortality rate. Morbidity rate is a.k.a. incidence rate which is number of new cases in a specified time period per unit of population. Prevalence rate is number of all cases in a specified time period per unit of population. Mortality rate is number of deaths (due to the disease) in a specified time period per unit of population. Disease Transmission and Emergence which is infection reservoirs and transmission and emerging and re-emerging infectious Diseases (ERID). Infection Reservoirs and Transmissions is infection reservoirs, humans and animals, Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted to humans from other vertebrates. Non-living is e.g. soil and water. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (ERID) is systematic epidemiology is study of ecological and social factors that influence the development of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nosocomial infections a.k.a. Hospital-acquired infections is from pathogens that develop within a healthcare facility and are acquired by patients while they are in the facility is e.g. antibiotic-resistant microbial strains, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Sources of nosocomial infections is endogenous pathogens is opportunistic pathogens present in the patients and activated by activities in the hospital and exogenous pathogens is not normally present in the patients but have entered into the patients from the hospital environment. Collective Immunity which is Herd Immunity and Immunisation. Herd Immunity is collective resistance of a population to the spread of an infection and caused by the immunity of a large percentage of that population. Immunisation is the process whereby a person is made resistant to an infectious disease, typically via vaccination and vaccines stimulate the immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection. Immunologic adjuvant is any substance that acts to enhance immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine. Seven types of vaccines which is attenuated vaccines which is live microbe that has been weakened. Inactivated vaccines is killed microbes. Subunit vaccines is include only components that stimulate the immune system. Toxoid vaccines is “Detoxified” toxins, called toxoids, are used against bacteria that secrete toxins. Conjugate vaccines is bacteria may possess polysaccharide coatings to disguise their antigens, therefore, immature immune systems are unable to recognize the bacteria, in conjugate vaccines, these polysaccharides are linked (or conjugated) with recognizable antigens, this linkage “teaches” the immune system to recognize those polysaccharide coatings in future infections. DNA vaccines is genetically-engineered DNA for microbial antigens are directly introduced into the host’s cells and the DNA then instructs those cells to create antigens and induce immune response. Recombinant vector vaccines is similar to DNA vaccines and DNA is introduced via vectors which may include attenuated microorganisms.
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