Saturday, 30 September 2017

Microbiology Week 3

Assalamualaikum and hello guys.... hw r u ?... I hope you all fine and great. I would like to share you what I learned in my third week of microbiology class with my energetic lecturer which is DR. Wan . My microbiology class is on Wednesday and Friday. For this week, on Wednesday Dr. Wan and my seniors went to the competition. And Dr. Wan got an award. Congratulations Dr. Wan. 😍😍😍So on Wednesday Dr. Wan gave a task to us in Open leaning MOOC. We all did the questions that related to microbiology. First of all I didn't understand the task as usual. But later on I can understand and did all the questions that Dr. Wan asked us to do. 😊😊😊 The task was like a bit game and it was actually interesting once you know how to play the task. In the task, there have a password and we have to find out the password. At last, we have to write the password in the space they provided. The task also help us to learn about microbiology and to revise what we had studied in past two weeks. I got the password of the task which is " Fungi Are Eukaryotes". πŸ˜…πŸ˜…πŸ˜… The open leaning MOOC is not only in my university which is University Putra Malaysia but they are a lot of universities and colleges around the world. It will help us to communicate with the people are in the foreign countries. We can also share about the microbes and about new microorganisms in the open learning MOOC page.

    On Friday, we have microbiology class with Dr. Wan in afternoon. Afternoon usually hot and I was really sleepy before I enter the class. 😴😴😴But once Dr. Wan enter our class, it will make me fresh because Dr. Wan make some fun and the way Dr teach us are quiet different from others. On Friday, I learned about the microscopy. πŸ”¬πŸ”¬πŸ”¬ The history of the microscopes

are the field of microscopy ( optical microscopy) has its roots in the 17th-century Dutch Republic, with some notable representatives such as Zacharias Janssen, Hans Lippershey, Jan Swammerdam, and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenhoek is often considered to be the first acknowledged microscopist and microbiologist.

   Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye ( objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy which are optical, electron and scanning probe microscopy. Goals of microscopes are to produce a magnified image of the specimen, separate the details in the image, and render the details visible to the human eye or camera. Microscopy have two categories which are light microscopes and electron microscope. In light microscope have many varieties which are bright-field microscopes, dark-field microscopes, phase-contrast microscope, fluorescence microscopes and confocal microscope. I got learned about the parts of microscope which are ocular, body, nosepiece, objective lens, arm, mechanical stage, substage condenser, diaphragm, base with light source, field diaphragm lever, light intensity control, coarse focus adjustment knob, fine focus adjustment knob and the stage adjustment knobs. Bright-field microscope that use in lab requires stain and produce a dark image against a brighter background . Dark-field microscope image is formed by light reflected or refracted by specimen and produces a bright image of the object against a dark background. The phase-contrast microscope converts differences in refractive index into detected variations in light intensity. The phase-contrast is excellent way to observe living cells and stain is not necessary view internal structures of living organisms. The fluorescence microscopes exposes specimen to ultraviolet or blue light and the specimens usually stained with fluorochromes. Cell contains natural fluorescent substances example (chlorophyll) has been treated with fluorescent dye. The confocal microscopy is confocal scanning laser microscopy creates sharp, composite 3D image of specimens by using laser beam, aperture to eliminate stray light and computer interface. Confocal microscopy is the numerous applications including study of biofilms.












Friday, 22 September 2017

Microbiology week 2

 
CHARACTERISTS OF MIROORGANISMS

 Microbiology are the smallest organisms on Earth. In fact, the term microorganism literally means "microscopic organism." Microorganisms may be composed of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, and they may be single-celled or multicellular. Examples of microorganisms include algae, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses. Prokaryotic microorganisms is prokaryotes arguably represent the earliest forms of life on Earth. They are broken up into two categories which are bacteria and archaea. A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus to hold the cell's DNA and lacks any sort of organized packaging or housing to hold the rest of the cell's machinery. Because prokaryotic cells lack this extra material, they are almost always smaller than other cell types; all prokaryotes are microorganisms, and they are almost single-celled. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is neatly packaged within its nucleus, and there are several different structures that house the cellular machinery that can make eukaryotic microorganisms self-sufficient. The structures located in eukaryotic cells may include the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, as well as chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells. Examples of eukaryotic microorganisms include fungi, algae, protozoa and various microscopic parasitic worms.

     Bacteria are individual living cells. Bacteria cells are similar to your cells in many ways; yet, they also have distinct differences. Bacteria have many unique adaptations allowing them to live in many different environments. Bacteria are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. When viewed under the microscope, they have three distinct shapes. Bacteria can be indentified by their shape which are bacillus are rod-shaped, coccus are sphere-shaped and spirillius are spiral-shaped. Bacteria are like eukaryotic cells in that they have cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. Features that distinguish a bacterial cell from a eukaryotic cell include the circular DNA of nucleoid, the lack of membrane-bound organelles, the cell wall of peptidoglycan, and flagella. Besides that, Protozoa are eukaryotic microorganisms. Although they are often studiedin zoology courses, they are considered part of the microbial world because they are unicellular and microscopic. Characteristics of Protozoa are they do not have cell wall; some however,possess a flexible layer, a pellicle, or a rigid shell of inorganic material outside the cell membrane. They have the ability during their entire life cycle or part of it to move by locomotor organelles or by a gliding mechanism. They have heterotrophic mode of nutrition, whereby the free-living forms ingest particulates, such as bacteria, yeast, and algae, while the parasitic forms derive nutrients from the body fluids of their hosts.

    Moreover, Algae are eukaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems, or leaves but do have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. Algae can be multicellular or unicellular. Cells are covered by a rigid cellulose cell wall. Algae are eukaryotic thallophytes and photoautotrophs. Algae reproduce either by vegetative, asexual or sexual method. Storage form of food in algae is starch. Algae are usually aquatic, either freshwater or marine and some are terrestrial. Furthermore, Fungi is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. Characteristics of fungi are fungi have cell walls are composed mainly of a carbohydrate called chitin, while plant cell walls are composed mainly of cellulose. Fungi are achlorophyllous, which means they lack of chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplasts in plant cells and which are necessary for photosynthesis. The carbohydrate molecule used to store nergy in fungi is glycogen. Fungi are heterotrophs, which means that they obtain nutrients by absorption. Hyphae can grow and form a network called a mycelium. A spore is a unit of asexual reproduction, specifically a reproductive cell surrounded by a thick cell wall. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not produce hyphae. Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

    Lastly, Virus is a small infections agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to mcroorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Characteristics of viruses are enclosed in protective envelope. They have spikes, which helps them to attach to the host cell. Viruses are non cellular and do not respire, do not metabolize and do not grow but they do reproduce. They contain a protein coat called the capsid. They have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA. Ribosome and enzymes are absent, which are needed for metabolism. Viruses are considered both as living and non living things, as viruses are inactive when they are present outside of host cells and are active in side of host cells.


Examples of Bacteria :

              




Examles of Protozoa:




  

Examples of Fungi :  
          
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                     
                                                                                           
                   
Examples of Algae:

                                                                             

Examples of Viruses :








HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

   Historians are unsure who made the first observations of microorganisms, but the microscope was available during the mid-1600s, and an English scientist named Robert Hooke made key obsevations. He is reputed to have observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cells he viewed. In the 1670s and the decades thereafter, a Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms, which he called animalcules. Until his death in 1723, van Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientists of the day and is regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria.

   After van Leeuwenhoek died, the study of microbiology did not develop rapidly because microscopes were rare and the interest in microorganisms was not high. In those years, scientists debated the theory of spontaneous generation, which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth. This theory was disputed by Francesco Redi, who showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying meat (as others believed) if the meat is covered to prevent the entry of flies. An English cleric named John Needham advanced spontaneous generation, but Lazzaro Spallanzani disputed the theory by showing that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life.

  Louis Pasteur and the germ theory. Louis Pasteur worked in the middle and late 1800s. He performed numerous experiments to discover why wine and dairy product became sour, and he found that bacteria were to blame. Pasteur called attention to the important of microorganisms in everyday life and stirred scientists to think that if bacteria could make the wine "sick",the perhaps they could cause human illness.

  Pasteur had to disprove spontaneous generation to sustain his theory, and he therefore devised a series of swan-necked flasks filled with broth. He left the flasks of broth open to the air, but the flasks had a curve in the neck so that microorganisms would fail into the neck, not the broth. The flasks did not become contaminated (as he predicted they would not), and Pasteur's experiments put to rest the notion of spontaneous generation. His work also encouraged the belief that microorganisms were in the air and could cause disease. Pasteur postulated the germ theory of disease, which states that microorganisms are the causes of infectious disease. 
 
   Pasteur's attempts to prove the germ theory were unsuccessful. However, the German scientist Robert Koch provided the proof by cultivating anthrax bacteria apart from any other type of organism. He then injected pure cultures of the bacilli invariably caused anthrax. The procedures used by Koch came to be known as Koch's postulates. They provided a set of principles whereby other microorganisms could be related to other diseases.                                                                                              

Anton van Leeuwenhoek













Robert Hooke













John Needham













Lazzaro Spallanzani













Louis Pasteur













Robert Koch


Saturday, 16 September 2017

Microbiology Week 1

    Microbiology is the study of small organisms that can't be seen by our naked eyes.Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cell). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology and bacteriology. Microbiology are divided into seven types which are bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites (helminths). Each type has a characteristic cellular composition, morphology, mean of locomotion and reproduction. Microorganism are beneficial in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material, providing nutrients for plant and maintaining human health but some can be pathogenic and cause diseases in plant and humans.

    Applications of microbiology are Medical Microbiology  is the study of pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness. This includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidermiology and is related to study of disease pathology and immunology. Beside that, Pharmaceutical Microbiology  is the study of microorganism that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins,vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products. Moreover, Microbial Biotechnology is the manipulation of microorganism at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products. Furthermore, Food Microbiology is the study microorganism causing food spoilage. Microbiology can produce foods for example fermentation.Next, Agricultural Microbiology is the study of agriculturally relevent microorganism.

    Lastly, Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest bacteria in the world and is a gram negative coccoid Proteobacterium, found in the ocean sediments of the continental shelf of Namibia. Thiomargarita means " sulfur pearl". This refers to the appearance of the cells; they contain microscopic sulfur granules that scatter incident light, lending the cell a pearly lustre. Namibiensis means of Namibia. Mycoplasma genitalium is the smallest bacteria and is the parasite bacterium which lives in the primate bladder, waste disposal organs, genital and respiratory tracts, is thought to be smallest known organism capable of independent growth and reproduction.

                  Thiomargarita namibiensis
           
   

Microbiology Semester 2 Week 14

              Assalamualaikum and hi everyone... how are you all? I hope everyone will be fine as well... On Tuesday, before our class start...